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Motorola 68000

Motorola 68000

Motorola 68000 microprocessor technical specifications

Developed by: Motorola
Launched: 1979
ALU bits: 16
Clock: 2 MHz until 12 MHz
Family: 68k
Instructions: 82
Registers: 32 bits
Bus: 16 bits
Mem. Address: 24 bits
Transistors: 68 000
Technology: 3 µm
Pin num.: 64 pins
Socket: DIL

It takes its name from the number of transistors it contains.
It was the first in a family of microprocessors that included the Motorola 68008, Motorola 68010, Motorola 68020, Motorola 68030, Motorola 68040, and Motorola 68060 microchips. It was also known as the 68k.
It powered the popular Commodore Amiga and Atari ST computers, and the first Macintosh computers.
It also powered the Sharp X68000 (sold only in Japan) and the first Capcom arcade video game motherboards.

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Motorola 68000 contemporary microprocessors


Manufacturer: Intel
Launched: 1978
Bits: 16
Clock: 4.77 MHz
Transistors: 29 000
Technology: 3 nanometers

The first 16-bit microprocessor designed by Intel.
It was the first member of the popular x86 architecture, used to this day.

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Manufacturer: Zilog
Launched: 1979
Bits: 16

A 16-bit microprocessor with a completely orthogonal register set, featuring a user mode and a supervisory mode.

Its architecture was designed by Bernard Peuto, while the logic and physical execution were carried out by Masatoshi Shima.

The Z8000 was not compatible with the Z80, so it didn't benefit from a large software package.
However, there was a version of the Xenix operating system for the Z8000.

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Manufacturer: Intel
Launched: 1979
Bits: 16
Clock: 4.77 MHz
Transistors: 29 000
Technology: 3 nanometers

A reduced-cost version of the Intel 8086 with a data bus reduced to 8 bits so that it could use circuitry from previous-generation computer manufacturers and thus reduce computer costs.

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Other microprocessors in the family of Motorola 68000


Manufacturer: Motorola
Launched: 1982
Bits: 16
Clock: 8 MHz
Transistors: 69 000

The Motorola 68010 corrected several bugs of the 68000 and added some features, which allowed it to use paged virtual memory.

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Manufacturer: Motorola
Launched: 1984
Bits: 32
Clock: 12.5 MHz
Transistors: 200 000



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Manufacturer: Motorola
Launched: 1987
Bits: 32
Clock: 16 MHz
Transistors: 273 000

The 68030 is similar to the 68020 but includes an on-chip cache.

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Manufacturer: Motorola
Launched: 1990
Bits: 32
Clock: 25 MHz
Transistors: 1 200 000

The 68040 is the first member of the 68000 family with an on-chip FPU.

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Manufacturer: Motorola
Launched: 1994
Bits: 32
Clock: 50 MHz
Transistors: 2 500 000
Voltage: 3.3 V

The Motorola 68060 was the last of the 68k family. It was two to three times more powerful than its predecessor, the 68040, and featured an integrated floating-point unit (FPU) and memory management unit (MMU).

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Personal computers equipping the microprocessor Motorola 68000


Manufacturer: Sinclair
Launches: 1984
Manufactured in GB
CPU: Motorola 68008 @ 7.5MHz
Memory: 128 KB ~ 896 KB
Support: ZX Microdrive
Support B: ZX Microdrive
Hard drive: None
Operating system: Sinclair QDOS
Innovations: El primer ordenador personal con multitarea en salir al mercado.

This computer was Sir Clive Sinclair's first attempt at creating a business computer.


Manufacturer: Apple
Launches: 1984
Manufactured in US
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.8336MHz
Memory: 128 KB
Support: Diskette 3½"
Hard drive:
Operating system: Mac OS

The first Apple Macintosh.


Manufacturer: Apple
Launches: 1984
Manufactured in US
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.8338MHz
Memory: 512 KB
Support: Diskette 3½"
Hard drive:
Operating system: Mac OS

It was the first update to the original Macintosh 128K.
It was identical to the previous Macintosh, differing only in the amount of RAM (random access memory) it included.
This allowed it to run more complex software, giving it greater business capabilities.


Manufacturer: Atari
Launches: 1985
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 8MHz
Memory: 512 KB ~ 4 MB
Support: Diskette 3½" DD
Hard drive:
Operating system: TOS
Innovations: Fué el primer ordenador en incluir un interfaz gráfico en color (GEM de Digital Research) y su alta resolución en modo monocromo lo hacia ideal para autoedición y CAD.
También incorporava un interfaz MIDI que lo convirtió en un equipo habitual en los estudios de música.
Además ser la primera serie de ordenadores personales que llegaban a albergar un megabyte de RAM de fábrica.

The ST family (which stands for Sixteen/Thirty-two, referring to the internal and external bus of the Motorola 68000 processor it included) is the successor to the Atari 8-bit family.
It rivaled the Commodore Amiga and the Apple Macintosh, for which it was a cheaper alternative.

It included the 260, 520, 1040, and Mega models, which were released between 1985 and 1991.


Manufacturer: Commodore
Launches: 1985
Manufactured in US
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.09MHz
Memory: 256 KB ~ 8 MB
Support: Diskette 3½" DD
Hard drive: None
Operating system: AmigaOS 1.0

The Amiga 1000 was Commodore's first multimedia personal computer model.

Created by Jay Miner, who also created the Atari 800 years earlier, when he was already working at his company, he took out a loan from Atari to develop the new model, which he couldn't repay. Commodore then acquired Amiga Corp. and paid off the loan.


Manufacturer: Apple
Launches: 1986
Manufactured in US
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 8MHz
Memory: 128 KB ~ 4 MB
Support: Diskette 3½"
Hard drive:
Operating system: Mac OS

The Macintosh Plus is the third model in the Macintosh line. It was based on the case of the 128K and 512K Macintoshes with a 9-inch display (512x342 pixels, monochrome), but with more memory (1 MB, expandable to 4 MB), a larger ROM (128 KB instead of 64 KB), and a SCSI interface, through which external hard drives and data exchange drives could be connected, as well as a SCSI Ethernet adapter. The case was initially beige in color and later became available in platinum gray.


Manufacturer: Commodore
Launches: 1987
Manufactured in US
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.09MHz
Memory: 1 MB ~ 9 MB
Support: Diskette 3½" DD
Hard drive: None
Operating system: AmigaOS 1.2

Despite being aimed at the high-end market, it was technically very similar to the Amiga 500.

The Amiga 2500 model was a variant with two pre-installed floppy drives, sold in the United Kingdom.


Manufacturer: Apple
Launches: 1987
Manufactured in US
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.8MHz
Memory: 1 MB ~ 4 MB
Support: Diskette 3½"
Hard drive:
Operating system: Mac OS


Manufacturer: Commodore
Launches: 1987
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.14MHz
Memory: 512 KB
Support: Diskette 3½" DD
Hard drive: None
Operating system: AmigaOS 1.2

This low-cost Commodore, aimed at the home market, was a huge success in Europe, where it dominated the computer video game market, rivaling the Sega Megadrive and Super Nintendo video game consoles.


Manufacturer: Atari
Launches: 1989
CPU: Motorola 68000
Memory: 512 KB ~ 4 MB
Support: Diskette 3½" DD
Hard drive: None
Operating system: TOS 1.06

In late 1989, Atari Corporation released the 520STE and 1040STE, an improved version of the ST with improvements in multimedia hardware and the operating system.


Manufacturer: Apple
Launches: 1989
Manufactured in US
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 16MHz
Memory: 1 MB
Support: Diskette 3½"
Hard drive: 40 MB
Operating system: Mac OS

For the creation of its first laptop, Apple based its design on the Macintosh SE of the time.

Next to the keyboard, it included a novel trackball.


Manufacturer: Commodore
Launches: 1992
CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 7.14MHz
Memory: 1 MB
Support: Diskette 3½" DD
Hard drive: None
Operating system: AmigaOS 2.05

It was the last computer in the Amiga family based on the Motorola 68000 and the 1990 Amiga Enhanced chipset.

It was smaller than the Amiga 500 because it lacked the numeric keypad. It also added the option of an internal hard drive and a PCMCIA port.